Veterinary antimicrobials’ sorption into a clay brazilian soil and peat
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The fate of veterinary antimicrobials (VAs) in the environment is a concern due to the intensive systems for poultry and beef. Antimicrobials are widely applied in veterinary medicine, which may contaminate the environment through their release into soil, and undergo transformation, transport, and retention. Retention can be estimated by the partition coefficient between the soil and the soil solution (Kd), which is determined by sorption experiment. This study presents the validation of a method using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence (Flu) and ultraviolet (UV) detection (HPLC-Flu-UV) of eight VAs from six classes, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin (fluoroquinolones), amoxicillin (β-lactam), tylosin (macrolide), lincomycin (lincosamide), sulfadiazine (sulfonamide), and trimethoprim (pyrimidine) to determine and compare their Kd values in a typical Brazilian clay soil and peat, rich in organic matter and high cation exchange capacity (CEC). Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were tested and the best adjusted model was the Freundlich, with sorption coefficient values ranging from 0.008 to 3.921 μg1−1/n(cm3)1/ng−1 for soil (0.81% of organic carbon, 29.6 mmolc kg-1 CEC, pH 4.8) and from 1.046 to 9.708 μg1−1/n(cm3)1/ng−1 for peat (24.52% of organic carbon, 192.1 mmolc kg-1 CEC, pH 3.6). The high solubility of ENR and NOR in water could explain the low influence of organic matter or CEC in the retention of these substances in peat. The results highlight the importance of studies on the sorption of AVs in peat, a matrix that has been little studied and can influence the fate of VAs in the environment.
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